INTERVIEW WITH DR. ALI SAID FAQI: SOMALI AMBASSADOR TO THE BENELUX AND THE EUROPEAN UNION

June 27, 2014

Editor’s Note: Besides the array of news and analysis covered on a daily basis by WardheerNews, getting to know the views and ideas of Somali diplomats, distinguished figures, erudite scholars and academicians, political doyens, and individuals and organizations having the desire to make effective changes to the beleaguered, impoverished, and war-ravaged Horn of Africa nation of Somalia has been WardheerNews’ burning desire for close to a decade. The following is an exclusive interview conducted by  our own Adan Makina covering wide-ranging and fascinating topics with Ambassador Dr. Ali Said Faqi, Somalia’s Ambassador to the Benelux and the European Union.
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WardheerNews (WDN): Ambassador Ali Said Faqi, Somalia’s new Ambassador to the EU and Belgium, first welcome to WardheerNews. You hold one of the biggest ambassadorial responsibilities for the Somali nation. Did your appointment to these two positions come to you as a surprise?

Amb. Ali Faqi, Somalia’s ambassador to Belgium and EU

Amb. Ali Said Faqi: Yes, indeed it was a complete surprise, unexpected and out of nowhere.   However, I should admit that I had interest to join politics one day in my life time, but I have never dreamed of becoming a diplomat; it was something that never crossed my mind.  Having said that, I am honored to be the Ambassador of Somalia to the Benelux and the European Union.

WDN: Could you share with us your background? 

Amb. Ali: I have a PhD in Toxicology and my research interest is on preclinical drug development with specialty on reproduction and birth defects.  Here are some of my highlights:

I am a Senior Director at a private research institute. I also hold an adjunct associate professor at Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology.

I am a Diplomate of American Board of Toxicology (DABT) and a Fellow of the Academy Toxicological Sciences (ATS).  Currently I am an Associate Editor of Reproductive Toxicology Journal and a member of Editorial Board of Open Access Journal of Science and Technology and a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Alzheimer’s Art Quilt Initiative (AAQI).  Moreover, I served on the Board of Scientific Counselors (BOSC) Computational Toxicology at the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) from September 2009 to September 2010.

I am an ad hoc scientific reviewer for several scientific journals including Regulatory Pharmacology and Toxicology, Toxicology Journal, System Biology in Reproductive Medicine, Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, PLoS ONE and Birth Defects Research Part B: Developmental & Reproductive Toxicology, and Drug and Chemical Toxicology. Other positions held include a past president of Michigan Society of Toxicology and a past president of Toxicologists of African origin.

I have published over 100 scientific papers and reports. I am an editor of a text book “A Comprehensive Guide to Toxicology in Preclinical Drug Development”, a book published by Elsevier in December 2012 and an author/co-author of 10 book chapters. 

WDN: What led you to be involved in politics since you have a science academic background? 

Amb Ali: Let us not forget that since early 2000 shortly after I came to the USA, I was an active member of the Somali Diaspora. I joined Pan-Somali Council for Peace and Democracy(Israaca). Here I met several brilliant Somali intellectuals who still remain as my true fiends.  In principle Israaca was a great political organization aimed at defending the noble cause of Somalia. Unfortunately, our deeply rooted mistrust and lack of experience has led to the demise of Israaca. Afterwards it is not a secret that I became a strong advocate of the plight of the people in Benadir, Lower Shebelle and Jubba. It is in my blood that I detest human right abuses. My activism has helped shape my political views and I strongly believe Somali unity is the only way forward. Therefore, politics was something I always had in my heart.

Nevertheless, I am much concerned about the current state of the Somali affairs because it is almost impossible to reverse the trend.  Besides political wrestling that has constantly paralyzed our nation, there is completely lack of capacity in all institutions. It is not that we don’t have educated people in these institutions; it is the mentality of the people that is devoid of accountability and work ethics.

WDN: WardheerNews has learned that the Somali diplomatic mission residency located in Brussels was in such a great mess since the main administrative building was in a dilapidated condition.  Were you able to reverse the ramshackle state of the said building in Brussels, Belgium? 

Amb. Ali: First and foremost please allow me to deeply thank the military regime of Somalia for acquiring these two buildings (the Chancery and the Ambassador’s residence) in Brussels, Belgium.  These two properties have not been taken care of for the past 23 years. This has resulted in structural damage of large proportion.  We initiated renovating the Chancery with loan money and in a few months the Embassy will have few office spaces and a meeting room.  The residence is still occupied by a Belgian family, but I expect them to move out before the end of this month. It looks like, however, the damage of the residence building is so deep that it would require demolishing the entire building and replacing it with a newer one. It is in my priority list to rehabilitate these buildings before my tenure time expires.

WDN: As the Somali ambassador to the EU, what are your main responsibilities? And do you oversee other Somali missions within the EU? 

Amb. Ali: My responsibility as an ambassador is to represent the government of Somalia in all meetings at EU, ACP, African Union, Arab league, IGAD, and in one-on-one government settings; involve in diplomacy, oversee all of the other diplomats and local staff, enhance the exposure of Somalia, defend the interest of Somalia, and help Somali citizens in need.

No, I don’t oversee other Somali missions in EU besides the ones that I am accredited to. 

WDN: The Somali nation is experiencing turbulent times. How do you see European involvement in resuscitating Somalia politically, socially, and economically?  

Amb. Ali: Europe Union is pretty much determined in helping Somalia. It is actively involved in all projects aimed at reviving Somalia, whether it is in the security sector, fighting piracy, justice reform, constitutional revision, building federal states institutions, reconciliation, economic development, food security, etc. The European taxpayers are demanding concrete results; they want to see their money well spent for the wellbeing of the people of Somalia. We need to grasp this opportunity and benefit from it.

Unfortunately, any political, social and economical progress made in Somalia is always deterred by the pandemic political crisis that has afflicted our country for almost a quarter of century. In the history of every nation that went to civil war, it’s the political will of its citizens that revived those nations; Somalia will not be an exception. No matter how much money the world donates to Somalia, nothing can be attained until we strongly stand together and collectively rehabilitate our nation.

WDN: EU and other countries pledged 2.4 B Euro for the reconstruction of Somalia through the agreement of the New Deal on Sept 16, 2013. This fund has been suspended due to allegations of corruption and lack of transparency. What can you tell us about the status of the New Deal Funds? 

Amb. Ali: The pledges have not been suspended but delayed due to lack of transparent public financial system in our country. The Somali government has committed itself to working with the World Bank to create a system of banking and financial institutions that have checks and balances. This is expected to be completed soon.

WDN: Many people believed members of the delegation from the Somali Federal government for the New Deal, led by President Hassan, were selected through corruption and nepotism and that many had no experience in government affairs. Since you were among those present at the meeting, what can you tell us about such allegations? 

Amb. Ali: I disagree with this allegation. The delegation was composed of the President’s Staff, ministers, parliamentarians, regional leaders and members of the civil society.  However, I am not surprised as negative rumors run Somalia and polarize our society and unfortunately there is nothing that can be done to contest it mainly because there is no effective journalism that can take the story and seek the real truth.  I like to share a personal experience that I witnessed with the Somali media. During the New Deal summit one of the Somali websites ran a commentary accusing me of being a traitor simply because I happened to be an Ambassador of Somalia at the time while the commentator (he/she) was opposed to the New Deal. Do I take this serious? Absolutely no, but I wish to see any accusations against public figures thoroughly investigated; sadly I don’t expect this to happen anytime soon. 

WDN: The current Somali administration is said to be run by incompetent people with AID dependency mentality. Do you believe those who are in position of power are capable of moving Somalia forward? 

Amb. Ali: Moving Somalia forward is not an easy mission, although many in the public may pretend so.  Leadership is a daunting task particularly for countries like Somalia where anarchy and impunity have dominated the lives of the people for over two decades. There is a deep mistrust in our society which then feeds to a negative perception for any leadership.  We need to understand that leaders come and go consequently the public does not need to waste time with individuals in the leadership, but they need to push pressure on the government in building strong institutions. Without strong institutions in place a president or a prime minister will not have any power to fulfill their public and political duties. As a result they will be seen as weak and incompetent.  Regrettably, this is the scenario that is currently prevailing in Somalia. I am confident that President Hassan and his PM are good people; let us give them time and space to lead the country.  

WDN: Al-Shabab still controls large parts of Southern Somalia such as the coastal town of Brava which serves as their main strategic base and headquarters. Why can’t the government with the support of AMISOM re-take such an important city?   

Amb. Ali: Experience has shown that military solution is not always the right remedy because securing peace and delivering public services is not the task of the military.  That is why I believe in the liberation plan of the Al-shabab controlled territories the government should include the immediate installation of a strong civil administration with a strong police force that should tackle the vacuum left by the defeat of Al-shabab. The government should also seek public support and funding to aid the transition to peace prior to launching a military campaign.

WDN: How do you perceive Somali political participation, acculturation or assimilation into European culture? 

Amb. Ali: Somalia and Europe have different history, social and political culture; however, there is a lot to learn from Europe. The European Union is an economic and political union of 28 European countries. The EU has enhanced the social, cultural, economical and political integration of European countries.  Europeans may share borders, but have different languages, cultures and traditions. Somalia with a homogenous population share the same language and religion and yet the acceptance and tolerance among its citizens is not something to be desired. In that regard Somalia can learn a lot from the European integration process.  

WDN: Do you have any estimate figure of the number of Somalis in the EU and Belgium in particular?

Amb. Ali: I don’t have an estimate number of Somali migrants in EU, but they may exceed or equal a quarter of a million. In Belgium the estimate is about 2,000 people.

WDN: What were you able to accomplish for the duration you have been Somali ambassador to the EU and Belgium respectively?

Amb. Ali: I don’t know if I can say I have accomplished a lot during my short time in the office, but I have a clear objective which I would like to push hard. As someone who is representing Somalia at this critical period of its history, I have no space for failure. I am committed to changing the Somali image and perception by exhibiting integrity, accountability and strong work ethics. 

WDN: How is your relationship with the Somali Diaspora in the EU? 

Amb. Ali: I am towards building a good relationship with the Somali Diaspora in Belgium and the Netherlands. I have an open policy and my door is open to all, and I have nothing to hide. I like my fellow countrymen and women to conduct themselves kindly and be law abiding citizens in the countries they reside as they need to understand the consequences bad behavior will have for the image of Somalia.  

WDN: Thanks for taking the time to share your views and ideas. 

Amb. Ali: My pleasure.

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Analytical Paper

Introduction

In recent times, states in modern democracies have been having hard times grappling with the loss of revenues mainly because of limitations placed on them by the federal government or because of the loss of sales taxes as a result of the proliferation of internet business.  Since the last two decades, business over the internet has been skyrocketing such that it has become easier for buyers to conduct business at the convenience of their homes while saving millions of dollars of sales tax. This modern business venture has had adverse repercussions on the smooth running of state administrations whose revenues have been dwindling slowly over the years. Besides property taxes, sales taxes play an important role in the administration of state governments.

Ideal State Taxing System

Finding an ideal economic system for a state confounded by loss of revenue resulting from dwindling internet sales and federal government limitations can be a daunting task for a novice economist struggling with economic terminologies and financial understanding. Beginning with the era of Adam Smith, the man regarded by many economics as the father of capitalism and modern economics, economists have been struggling to find ideal government or state taxation system. The manner of taxation applied by states in the United States reveal differing economic foundations.

Human search for material affluence and political independence is what has been accelerating states’ pursuance of economic stability and encompassing tranquility since the foundations of economics first evolved and democracy became a global phenomenon worthy of embracing. While many would come with convincing and differing ideal state taxing system, in essence, there is no ideal state tax system that is currently unanimously agreed upon by global economists. The best a state can do is to have a grasp of taxes that obstruct growth and investment. Taxes on consumption, value-added taxes, and property taxes such those on immovable property have been found to be the least harmful to growth and investment while taxation on franchise and corporate taxation, taxes on business transactions, taxes on personal income and gross receipts have the hallmarks of having tremendous positive impact on growth and investment.

There are four principles that are tied to taxation. The first one is neutrality which entails avoiding penalizing individuals and businesses on the basis of their income such that the taxpayer is deprived of the right to luxury. The second one is visibility which denotes to mean government transparency so that taxpayers have the visibility of government operations in terms of how taxation is administered. Obscuring the nature of tax deductions by the government would be unconstitutional as the citizen has the right to know government tax management and operations. The third one is fairness which means people should pay taxes with fairness with the poor and rich each paying according to their means. The fourth principle is simplicity which simply means an accurate measurement of income which should be easy to administer.

The City of New York generates revenue from four sources: Personal income tax, property tax, corporate tax, and general sales tax (Edgerton, Haughwout, & Rosen, 2004). When states find it impossible to handle dwindling resources and economic downturn, the best its administrators can do is to devise plans and techniques such as imposing austerity measures on expenditure and other revenue generating procedures such as raising taxes on properties, elevating general tax, and income tax to overcome the downward economic slide. Because it will be futile for a state to embark on taxing loyal citizens without making formal arrangements with the public through consultations, navigating other avenues would produce significant results.

Attracting business conglomerations and charging reasonable fees would be an important step in securing the necessary revenue needed for the upkeep of city operations. Cutting state expenditure through budgetary cuts could save states struggling with withering economies. The misuse of funds by state officials and mushrooming of shadowy programs often lead to financial discrepancies that may be harmful to state financial resources. Raising other taxes other than sales tax could be beneficial for any state since revenue generated from taxes can be applied to social programs and other public goods and services that demand immediate resuscitation.

A thorough auditing of all state income from taxation will have to be thoroughly scrutinized and document in government ledgers. Having a means and ways committee and employing an appropriation committee could be an added advantage since it will be helpful for the state to overcome the horrors of misappropriation of funds. The execution of a state’s budget can be positively maintained if preventive controls are enforced, when therapeutic or diagnostic process is executed, and feedback controls such as making corrections to the budget through the performance of constant budget preparations and reviews (Mikesell, 2011). Executing a dynamic tax collection system and employing well experienced taxmen to manage the tax system will undoubtedly enhance economic growth and help deter embezzlement.

Penalizing tax evaders sends a clear signal to the rest of society that may be tempted to swindle the state of its hard-earned revenues. According to Hyman (2011), when people appear to change behavior with the intention of avoiding tax liability they are engaging in tax avoidance while tax evasion is mainly not complying with existing tax laws and failing to pay due taxes. Internet sales have been skyrocketing in recent years and with the death of Marketplace Fairness Act followed by other bipartisan support may bring in new regulatory measures to boost internet sales tax collection by states.

The Market Fairness Act which is expected to be resuscitated as soon as legislation is passed will allow states to collect internet sales tax from web-based business transactions. Fear of impeding interstate commerce has been the cause of the 1967 and 1992 U.S. Supreme Court Decisions that shielded state sales tax collection (Klein, 2013). What has become known as e-commerce in the U.S. has transformed into a gigantic business a force to reckon with and a venture that has the power to penetrate any region. The consumer should be responsible for the payment internet sales to the state. Many U.S. states are reporting billions of dollars loss of sales tax to the internet and there is little chance these lost monies will be recovered from consumers and internet businesses as long the Supreme Court ruling remains defunct. Despite being dead for over a decade, internet sales tax legislation is expected to be revived soon.

States have many ways of garnering alternative taxes. One example is the lottery tax which could be helpful for states to cover unconventional expenses in the absence of the sales tax. Lottery taxation, according to Oana (2006), is gaining ground in countries such as Romania where there is a plan to tax lottery companies a 10% levy for financing social assistance programs. Even Casino owners are also not exempt from this venture imposed by the government of Romania. Alternative state taxation, according to Mikesell (2011), in case of economic strangulation, include state lotteries and liquor stores that are government-owned utilities and often fall under fiscal monopoly.

Another way for government to generate revenue is through user charges that benefit specific individuals as they are voluntarily purchased from the state. Also, user fees through the sale of licenses help states generate revenue. States can generate revenue from charging the public for the multifarious services it provides or allows to operate. This includes fees charged for operating massage parlors, motor vehicle operation, and hunting licenses. Such licenses have expiration dates thereafter making business operations illegal until the license is renewed and fees paid fully. There are restrictions often placed on local governments by states depending on how much revenue they can generate on their own. State corporate licenses generated a staggering $10 billion in 2008 (Mikesell, 2011). States enjoy significant financial incentives generated from the sale of vehicle. In that same year, according to Mikesell (2011), states generated $49 billion from the sale of general sale of licenses.

User charges, according to Mikesell (2011), have four advantages that include allowing users to demand or register for public service, dramatically improving financing equity for select services, improvement of operating efficiency, and finally, user charges can make dramatic improvement cost-and-price signals for the private market. User charges allow consumers to demand efficiency and equity. However, there are limitations to user charges since non-payers are excludable for the services provided through the user charge. Beneficiaries are not allowed to pay for user charges if the service provided has welfare elements in it. The revenue collected from user charges may be questionable if the charges are substantially beyond the reach of the disadvantaged. Public resentment of exorbitant charges may be cause for alarm and lead to political involvement.

The operation of liquor stores is somehow a different method of monopoly and is evident in seventeen states. It is a distinct monopoly because the liquor sold by these states is distilled in state owned stores. Many states benefit from the proliferation of gambling enterprises. According to Mikesell (2011), as of 2007, total gross revenue from gambling had a gross total of $92.2 billion. Despite the possible moral and social concerns the industry may have on society and despite being a politically vulnerable enterprise, states generation of revenue to the tune of billions of dollars from gambling enterprises must not be taken lightly.

With state collection of casino revenue retarded by private management decision making, in general, casinos businesses are the cause of market downfalls such as the famous horse and greyhound racetracks that have been running empty in modern times. Government-operated off-track betting have been generous to state coffers in the past though there have been substantial drop in universal revenue collection in recent times due to the failure of the enterprise to spread to all corners of the nation. Currently, this formal betting enterprise is restricted to the northeast quadrant only and there is the need to have it spread all over and make it encompassing in the future (Mikesell, 2011).

States have the power to lease large tracts of land for many years and generate income from the holding of a property through leases. Leasing property to the public brings a sense of interdependence and mutual relationships that last for long periods of time as longs as the lessee and the leaser agree on certain formalities. In some instances, leases could last as long as ninety-nine years. Leasing has been a significant business venture and a form of contacting where the follow of revenue is continuous for certain duration. Leases come in various forms as they could be developed properties, warehouses, hangars, cultivable farms, and among other things, industrial machinery and permanent structures that the lessee could use for a business of choice.

Conclusion

States continue to loss unconfirmed billions of dollars through internet sales and taking away sales tax would place a heavy burden on the operation of state administrations. Because there is no agreed upon ideal system of taxation, the best opinion would be to devise ways to keep the current sales tax formality in place and further introduce legislation that would allow states to collect internet taxation. Placing further burden on states would jeopardize their efficient delivery of public goods and services.

References

Edgerton, J., Haughwout, A.F. & Rosen, R. (2004). Revenue implications of New York City’s tax system. Current Issues in Economics and Finance, 10(4). Retrieved from http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/current_issues/

Hyman, DN. (2011). Public finance: A contemporary application of theory to policy (10^th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning.

Klein, K.E. (2013). Internet retailer vs. retailer in internet sales tax push. Retrieved from http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-10/its-retailer-vs-dot-retailer-in-internet-sales-tax-push

Mikesell, J.L. (2011). Fiscal administration: Analysis and applications for the public sector (8^th ed). Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Oana, D. (2006). Lottery again must pay 10 percent social assistance tax. Knight Ridder Tribune Business News, Retrieved from http://ezp.waldenulibrary.org/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/docview/465493733?accountid=14872

Nomination of American Justices

Nomination of American justices, as recounted by history, has been shrouded in political obscurantisms for over 200 hundred years stretching back to the creation of the great American nation. The American judicial system has become a victim of political exploitation depending on who is holding the reins of power in a nation divided along members having differing ideological thoughts and processes. Whenever there is a vacancy, the nomination of a justice to a bench depends on the political leaning of the prospective judge-applicant, his or her uprightness, professionalism, judicial disposition, philosophical thoughts, and level of expertise in constitutional law (Gerhardt, 1992). The most contentious judicial nomination in American judicial history was when Justice Clarence Thomas was nominated by President Bush and confirmed by the Senate as an associate judge of the Supreme Court of the United States resulting in widespread outcry that almost led to paralysis of judicial discussions. The president was empowered by the ‘Appointments Clause’ that allowed him to make the right choice in selecting Justice Thomas with the recommendation and approval of the Senate.

President Eisenhower who was a Republican nominated the highly influential William Brennan of New Jersey as an Associate Judge of the Supreme Court (Gerhardt, 1992) despite Brennan being a Democrat. Also nominated by Eisenhower were Justices Potter Stewart and John Harlan who were both strong supporters of the Republican Party. Eisenhower did so with the blessings of a Senate controlled by majority Democrats (Gerhardt, 1992). Partisan politics can be dangerous especially when it comes to the nomination and confirmation of Justices. Often, there evolve ideological divergences, political differences, and racial divisions when selecting justices.

Hudson (2010) opines that Congress is more knowledgeable than the selected members of the judiciary when it comes to obligating commerce power. Some justices have been known to pursue their own self-fulfilling agendas leading them to evade judicial conscientiousness (Dimino, 2005). I would suggest that the tenure of judges be limited to certain duration. Justices should not be allowed to sit on the bench until retirement or until incapacitation. There has to be a limitation on the number of years justices serve in the judiciary. Also, selection of justices should be representative of society since America is now a multicultural nation populated by people of walks of life. One other aspect regarding changes to the judicial system would require justices to be free from any political affiliation or alliance. I don’t see anything wrong if election of justices is left to the public to decide on an electoral basis.

References

Dimino, M.R. (2005). The worst way of selecting judges-except all the others that have been tried. Northern Kentucky Law Review, Vol. 32:2.

Hudson, W. (2010). American democracy in peril: Eight challenges to America's future (6th ed.), Washington, DC: CQ Press.

Gerhardt, M.J. (1992). Divided justice: A commentary on the nomination and confirmation of Justice Thomas. Faculty Publications, Paper 979.

             http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs/979

Voter Motivation

Voter motivation which is an act of pulling electors to a cause from a micro to a macro level so they can cast their votes still remains an essential factor in contemporary democratic elections. Understanding the philosophy of voter motivation to garner victory can be a vital tool and a way of triumphing over political opponents. In present-day American elections, parties compete to attract as many voters as they can by using all sorts of tactics at their disposal. Cases of voters turned away for failing to furnish birth certificates, identity cards, and other documents demanded by officials manning election stations in various parts of the U.S, pop up in the media now and then to arouse public opinion. Turning away eligible voters challenges the concept of direct democratic participation. Election irregularities are common in almost every democracy mainly due to humankind’s irrationality and hostile responses become part of the ordinary citizens’ ways of voicing political discontent. Some form of racial prejudice surfaced among black and white voters in the presidential election of 2008 when the Republican Party fielded political heavyweight John McCain against the youthful politician and challenger Barack Obama of the Democratic Party such that former president Jimmy Carter, in the glare of the media, came in support of Obama (Paine et al, 2010).

One tactical measure to enhance voter turnout would be encouraging voters to come to the polling stations to cast their ballots. Libertarian paternalism is famous for its self-conscious influencing application that is known as “Nudge” where attempts are made to move people to a certain direction that elevates their living standards without promises of economic incentives attached. In such cases, what is essential for the voter is not concern for party arrangements but concern for policy results (Kedar, 2005). Another important means would be boosting voter education so that people can have understanding of how the electoral systems work. Broad experimental literature is available that document how the ordinary American citizen is ignorant of the policies and the politicians that shape the nation. According to Kaplan (2008), though not an aberration, the number of Americans having significant knowledge of politics is alarmingly low and below the level required for an advanced democracy such as the U.S.

Political science scholars, borrowing a leaf from the application of bargaining theory, often cite the need for the allocation of distributable goods and resources and the examination of institutional designs as factors that alter voter behavior (Kedar, 2005). To the contrary, other political scientists reference proximity theory which is voter endorsement of the candidate sharing similar political views. Regardless of which theory is right, one major aspect that voters put into consideration when voting for a particular candidate, is the state of the economy. According to Hudson (2010), creating better voting procedures has been shown to increase voter turnout. People often vote according to their social and economic statuses. Improved voter turnout can be realized through civic engagement and through empowering citizens to have a say in political discourses. A reduction in adherence to class prejudice and lessening all sorts of barriers that restrict voter involvement should be top priorities for congressional leaders if they are to receive the trust and support of their constituents. Advancing mobile and internet democracy could also be used to eliminate political misconceptions and allow for the retention of diminishing party loyalty.

References

Hudson, W.E. (2010). American democracy in peril: Eight challenges to America’s future (6^th. ed).  Washington, D.C: CQ Press.

Caplan, B. (2008). Majorities against utility: Implications of the failure of the Miracle of Aggregation. Department of Economics, Center for Study of Public Choice, and Mercatus Center: Fairfax, VA: George Mason University.

Kedar, O. (2005). How voters work around institutions: Policy balancing in staggered elections. Electoral Studies, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. Retrieved from http://pluto.mscc.huji.ac.il/~okedar/files/ES-06.pdf

                                              

Payne, B.K., Krosnick, J.S., Pasek, J., Lelkes, Akhtar, O. & Tompson, T. (2010). Implicit and explicit prejudice in the 2008 American presidential election. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 367–374.

Labo Kala Daran

W/Q Aadan Makiina

Waa xilli waaberi ah carruurtiina wey baahanyihiin. Hooyadood Mama Mwikali waxaa la soo dersay xaalad adag maadaama aysan faraha ku hayn wax raashiin ah oo ay ilmaha dabka u saarto. Yar iyo weynba waxay ku dhawaaqayeen, “Mama ee tunataka chakula” (hooyooy cuntaan rabnaa). Odeyga ay wada noolyihiin oo la yidhaahdo Kioko ayaa isla xilligaasi shaqo isu diyaarinayey. “Kioko ee”, ayey ugu yeedhay Mwikali odeygeeda. “Ee” ayuu ugu jawaabay xaaskiisa. “Naata ee” (see tahay ama iska warran) intay ku salaantay ayuu ugu jawaabay “nekuseo muno” (waan fiicanahay). 

Mwikali waxay u sheegtay ninkeeda in ilmaha aan dab loo shidin oo gaajo baahsan ay guriga ka jidho. Wuxuu u sheegay Mwikali bal in ay digsi biyo ku shubto dabadeedna ay dabka saarto illeyn wuxuu soo indho indheynayaa xaafadda Eastleigh oo ay Soomaalida ku badantahay. Intuu si degedeg ah u labistay ayuu aaday saldhigii booliska kana soo qaatay qori cabbeysan oo G3 ah. Asagoo ay la socdaan labo askari oo saaxiibadiisa ah ayey xaafaddii Easteleigh dalag yidhaahdeen oo galeen.

Odey Xandulle waaga ayaa asagana ugu baryey xaafadda Eastleigh. Xaaskiisa Muxubo oo saalaaddii subax ay wada tukadeen ayaa usheegtay in caarruurtu gaajeysanyihiin. Wuxuu ku yidhi xaaskiisa, “bal digsi biyo ku shuboo dabka saar waxaan noo raadinayaa shaxaade”. Halkii buu ka shiraacday wuxuuna cagta saaray waddo gashoxaafadda Islii (Eastleigh) ee Soomaalida caan kutahay magaalada Neyroobi. Wuxuu guriga kaga soo tegay xoogaa qaad ah oo uu xaleyto kasoo shaxaaday saaxiibadiisa. Qaadkuna kuma filleyn sigaarna maba uusan haaysan. Sida keliya maalinkaasi uu ku murqaami lahaa waa isagoo raadsada xoogaa shaxaad ah.

Kioko oo ay saaxibadiisa la socdaan iyo odey Xandulle ayaa ku kulmay meel goolad ah. “Wee Waryaa simama” (waryaa istaag), ayaa la amray Odey Xandulle oo argagaxsan. “Balo, waar maxay ahaayeen waxu”, intuu yidhi ayuu socodka joojiyay. “Lete kipande” (keen waraaqahaaga aqoonsiga) ayaa isla markiiba la amray. Kaar aqoonsi ah oo sharciyeysan intuu jebadda kala soo baxay ayuu udhiibay Kioko. “Hii ni fake (kani waa faalso), twende station (inakeen saldhiga), nitakufunga” (waan ku xirayaa), ayaa lagu yidhi Odey Xanduulle oo ay xaajadu ku xumaatay. Nasiib wanaag, Odey Xandulle wuxuu meel dheer ka arkay Odey Magan Qadiid oo in muddo ah ay saaxiibo ahaayeen. Wuu udhawaaqay. Odey Xandulle intuu afka furtay buu ku qaayliyay, “waar Magaanoow isoo gaadh”. Wax yar kadib Magan Qadiid baa kasoo dul dhacay halkii lagu buuqsanaa. “Waar ina adeeroow 1,000 shilin ideemi anaa dib kaa siinayaaye”, ayuu Odey Xandulle ku calaacalay saaxiibkiis Magan Qadiid. Magan Qadiid intuu jeebka gacanta gelshay ayuu kasoo saaray 1,000 kii shilin ee saaxiibkiis ka amaahday. 

Odey Xandulle wuxuu Kioko farta ka saaray 500 shilin sidii ayuuna xorriyaddiisa ku helay maalinkaasi. Asagoo dheg la qabto lahayn ayuu Odey Xandulle ku laabtay gurigiisi. 200 shilin buu udhiibay xaaskiisi. Isla markiiba waxaa lasoo gaday raashiin. Carruurtii gaajeysneyd maalinkaasi waa ay dhergeen. Odey Xandulle 300 shilin ee u soo hadhay buu ku iibsaday xoogaa qaad ah iyo sigaarkii uu ku dhuuqi lahaa. 

Askerigii Kioko ahaana wuxuu iska fasaxay saaxiibasiisa oo wuxuu markiiba aaday gurigiisa. Dherigii dabka la saaray markuu kasoo hayaamay gurigiisa ayaa la cabbeeyay oo loo helay raashiin ay quutaan carruurtiisa iyo xaaskiisa intaba. Guud ahaan Kioko wuxuu asagana xaaskiisa udhiibay lacag dhan 200 shilin oo Kinyaati ah. Lacagtii kale ee usoo hadhay wuxuu la aaday goobaha khamriga nooca Chang’aa la yidhaahdo lagu cabbo. Odey Xandulle iyo askeri Kioko dhibkii waa ka haaday maalinkaasi oo waxaa u dambeeyay murqaan iyo damaashaad

Cagaha Mise Wejiga?

Wadaad baa beri wuxuu raacay diyaarad. Wakhtigii salaada markii la gaadhay ayuu galay musqusha sifa uu u weyso qaato. Maadaama musqulaha diyaadaha ay yaryar yihiin, dantu waxay ku qasabtay in uu albaabka musqusha furo sifa uu cagaha u saarto saxanka wejiga lagu dhaqdo ee loo yaqaan 'sink'-iga. Gabadh ka dhex shaqeyneysay diyaaradda ayaa soo agmartay oo aragtay ficilka wadaadka waxayna u sheegaty in uusan cagaha saarin saxanka maadaama ay cagahiisa wasakh yihiin. Wadaadkii ayaa wuxuu gabadhii weydiiyay: "Imisaa jeer ayaad wejigaaga dhaqdaa maalin walba?" Waxay ugu jawaabtay, "Hal ama labo jeer". Wadaadkii wuxuu hadalkiisa kusoo gunaanaday oo uu ku yidhi gabadhii, "Maalin walba waxaan cagahayga dhaqaa shan jeer". "Sidaasi awgeed, cagahayga ayaa ka nadiifsan wejigaaga".

Caqlileey Reer Banii Israa'iil ah

Sida uu soo weriyey Muxamad bin Kacab, waxaa beri jiri jirey wadaad reer Banii Israa’iil oo ahaa nin caqli badan isla markaana ahaa caalim looga dambeeyay garashada cilmiga diiniga iyo maadda.  Wadaadkan Reer Banii Iraa’iil ayaa xaaskiisa oo aad iyo aad uu ujeclaa si lama filaan ah ugeeriyootay. Murugo iyo ciil darteed ayuu goostay inuu albaabada xidho oo dib dambe uusan la haasaawin dadkii magaalada ay qaraabada iyo saaxiibada ahaayeen.

Haweeney Reer Banii Israa’iil ah ayaa maqashay murugada wadaadka haysata waxeyna go’aansatay in ay ugu tagto hooygiisa oo ay soo ogaato. Markay gurigii wadaadka tagtay ayey ka codsatay dadkii waardiyeynaayey bal in loo ogolaado iney la kulanto wadaadka sifa ay uweydiiso hal mas’aalo. Kadib markey ogolaansho weydiisatay dad waardiyeynaaye, ayey iska fadhiistay albaabka geeskiisa. Nin waardiye ahaa ayaa wadaadka ugalay una soo sheegay in qof dumar oo marti ah ay debedda u fadhido. Wuxuu faray in lasoo fasaxo waana la fasaxay oo wey ugashay.

Salaan kadib, waxay wadaadkii weydiisay su’aasha ah: “Waxaa jiraa dahab aan kasoo amaahday deriskeyga waana kan aan hadda xidhnahay. Dahabkan muddo dheer ayaan haaystay. Qoftii iska lahayd dahabkan hadda waxay soo dirsatay qof kale oo waxay dooneysaa in aan dahabkeeda ugu sii dhiibo ta lasoo dirsaday. Ee su’aasha aan doonayo in aan ku weydiiyo ayaa waxay tahay: “Ma iska dhiibaa oo ma u celiyaa”? Wadaadkii ayaa wuxuu ugu jawaabay, “haa, waa inaad iska dhiibtaa ood u celisaa illeyn waa amaahe”. Waxay ugu jawaabtay, “sideen ku celin karaa dahab aan intaasi oo sannadood xidhnaa”?. Wadaadkii ayaa wuxuu ku wargeliyay, “in kalgacal iyo wanaag loo muujiyay oo ay mudantahay in qoftii sidaasi kuugu naxariistay aad tixgeliso oo aad u celiso wexeeda”.

Markuu wadaadkii jawaabihii udhammeeyay, ayey ku tidhi, “Allaah hakuu naxariisto”. Waxay wadaadka weydiisay waxa uu sidaas ula murugoonaayo. Waxayna usii raacisay, “ninyahaw Ilaahey wuxuu ku ammaahiyay xaaskaaga wuuna kaa qaaday illeyn asagaa leh oo abuurtay naf walba”. Mar allaale markey hadaladaasi dhegihiisa ku dhaceen ayuu ogaaday in uu qaldanaa. 

Damaashaadkii Dharka

Beri ayaa waxaa jiray nin la odhan jiray Sheekh Sacdi kaasoo ahaa gabyaa kunoolaa magaalada Shiraas (Shiraz) ee hadda katirsan gobolka Fars ee waddanka Iiraan. Inksatoo abtirsiinyadiisu aheyd Abuu Muxammad Muslix al-Diin bin Cabdalla Shiraasi, haddana marka lasoo gaabiyo magaca loogu yeeri jiray ayaa ahaa Sacdi Shiraasi. Aabbihii wuxuu dhintay asagoo saqiir ah. Kadib marki imberedooriyaddii la odhan jiray Moongol (Mongol) burburiyeen xukunkii Islaamiga ee baaxadda weynaa ee la odhan jiray Khawaarismi, ayuu Sheekh Sacdi bilaabay socdal dheer kaasoo uu ku maray dhulalka ay kamid yihiin Anatooliya (Turkiga), Sindi (Bakistaan), Ciraaq, Suuriya, Masar, iyo gobollo kale oo badan. Sheekh Sucdi wuxuu tegey magaalooyinka barakeysan ee Makkah, Madiina, iyo Beytul Quddus wuuna xajiyay.

Sida dadka kale ee falsafistayaasha iyo gabyaasha lagu yaqaan, Sheekh Sacdi wuxuu ahaa qof caadi ah oo aan maal badan lahayn. Maalin ayaa nin magaalada magac dheer ku lahaa oo ahaa maalqabeen martiqaadey Sheekh Sacdi iyo dad kaloo farabadan. Martiqaadkana wuxuu ahaa mid loogu dabbaaldegayey maalqabeenka gabadhiisa oo la guursanayey. Sheekh Sacdi wuu aqbalay martiqaadkii asagoon wax diidmo ah muujin.

Maalinka uu dhacayey damaashaadka arooska gabadha, ayaa aabbaheeda iyo dad kaloo gacan siinayey raxan raxan u tubnaayeen albaabka laga soo galo guriga xafladda. Dadka la martiqaaday ayey soo dhoweynayeen una sii gubnayeen qolka laga cunteeyo. Tijaariinta iyo dadkii ugu magac dheeraa magaalada Shiraas ayaa uga soo qeybgalay arooska si aan caadi ahayn. Cid walba oo aragtay xafladda wey la yaabtay dhaqalaha ku baxay iyo sida loo agaasimay intaba. Martidii oo isugu jiray rag iyo dumar, waayeel iyo carruur ayaa mid waliba wuxuu maalinkaasi soo xidhay dharka ugu quruxda badnaa.

Dumarka waxay soo xaadireen ayagoo ku labisan dharka xariirta ah isla markaana gacmaha, qoorta, iyo lugahana ay ka lushaan dahab, dheeman, iyo luul la xardhay. Carrurtiina waxaa loo soo xidhay kuulal dhaldhalaalaya. Raguna waxay ku soo labisteen dharkii ugu qaalisanaa geyigaa xilligaasi. Barafuuno iyo wax walba oo la isku carfiyo ayaa laysku soo shushubay intaanan xafladda la tegin. Sheekh Sacdi wuxuu xafladda lasoo galay dhar aan sidaa indhaha usoo jiidan oo aan bilic fiican lahayn.

Sheekh Sacdi wuxuu istaagay meel xooga ka yara durugsan albaabkii laga soo gelayey wax dheg jalaq usiisayna ma uusan arag. Wuxuu islahaa waa laguu immaanayaa oo gacanta ayaa lagu qabanayaa sida dadka tijaariinta ee qaddarinta mudan loo soo dhoweynayey oo kale. Xitaa ninkii martiqaadka horboodaye waxba shuqul iskama gelin Sheekha meesha taagan oo danihiisa ayuu iska watay.

Sheekh Sacdi markuu arkay sida wax usocdaan, ayuu si tartiib ah isaga huleelay xafladdii. Wuxuu abbaaray dukaan laga ijaarto dharka aroosyada. Markuu dukaankii tagey ayuu codsaday in laga ijaaro dhar dahab ku xardhanyahay. Wuxuu kaloo dalbaday duubka madaxa lagu xidho oo aad iyo aad u qurux badnaa. Wuxuu haddana ku labistay sheey dhexda lagu xidho oo sida suunka oo kale. Markuu dharkii isku hubsaday, ayuu muraayad isku eegay. Wax kastoo uu xidhnaa ayaa cajabiyay. Intuu lacagtii ijaarka iska baxshey ayuu halkii kasoo dhaqaajiyay oo soo abbaaray goobtii xafladda.

Markuu hoolkii xafladda soo galay ayaa loo soo dhoweeyay si ka daran sidii dadkii hore ee taajiriinta ahaa. Mashxarad iyo sacab ayaa hoolkii qabsaday. Odeygii gabadha dhalay ayaa Sacdi shafka shafka usaaray oo dhabanada ka dhunkaday una riyaaqay Sacdi dharkii uu xidhnaa. Kadib, martisoorihii oo cod dheer ku hadlaya, ayaa ogeysiiyay dadweynihii in qofka hortaagan yahay,  gabyaagii caanka ahaa ee Sheekh Sacdi. Markaasaa hal mar lawada istaagay oo loo mashxaradeeyay loona sacabeeyay sidii boqor oo kale. “Saaxiib, maxaa kugu dhacay oo aad sidaa ugu soo habsaantey”?, ayaa la weydiiyay Sheekh Sacdi. Sheekhu shib buu iska yidhi oo waxba ma uusan odhan. Waxaa Sheekha loo sheegay in uusan waxbo hagaageen la’aantiisa habeenkaasi.

Sheekhu oo aan weli hadlin ayaa gacanta laqabtay oo la geeyay halkii uu habeenkaasi fadhiisan lahaa. Meel aan buuq iyo tafash lahayn oo loogu talogalay raggii ugu caansanaa magaalada Shiraas ayaa lagu hubsaday. Wax yar kadib waxaa la keenya cunto nooc walba leh cuntadaaso la taxay roogag qurux badan oo lagu dangiigsado. Waxaa jiqilada Sheekha loo dhigay firshaan iyo barkimooyin aad u raaxo badan. Martisoorihii ayaa unoqday sheekha adeege. Sheekha waxaa lasoo hordhigay faroxal, bariis udgoon badan, maraq, qudaar, hilib, iyo ceesh si fiican loosoo dubey.

Intaasi kadib, ayaa waxaa dhacday arrin yar oo sheekha qabsatay. Qamiiskii qaaliga ahaa ee sheekha xidhnaa ayaa ku daatay xoogaa baraq ama suugo. Qeyb idil oo qamiiskii sheekha ayaa noqday dheecaan maliiqan. Intuu xoogaa bariis ah gacanta ku qaatay ayuu Sheekh Sacdi ku kor firdhiyey halkii suugada kaga daatay asagoo qamiiskii ku odhanaya, “hoo, kani waa muraad adiga laguugu talogalaye ee ku raaxeyso”.

Martiidii oo dhammi ayaa hal mar dhankii Sheekhi soo wada eegay ayagoo la yaaban hadalka sheekha kasoo yeeray. Martisoorihii oo careysan ayaa ku buuqay sheekha wuxuuna ku yidhi, “maxaa dhacay oo ma waalantahay ee sidee ayuu qamiisku ku cuni karaa cunto”? Wuxuu dabadhigay su’aasha ah, “Sababta aad qamiiska u cunsiineyso cuntada maxay tahay”? Sheekhi ayaa si deganaansho ay ku dheehantay ugu jawaabay, “waxaan la yaabanahay su’aalahan aad iweydiineyso”.

Sheekh Sacdi ayaa martisoorihii ku yidhi, “sowma ahid kii i inkiray markaan dharka caadiga xidhnaa”? Waxaan arkaa in aadan wax dan ah ka lahayn dadnimadeyda ee aad daneyneyso keliya dharka ama labiska aan xidhnahay. Waxaan hadda daremayaa ixtiraam gooniya maadaama aan dhar qurxoon soo xidhay. Sheekhi ayaa wuxuu hadalkiisa kusoo gebogebeeyay, “Xafladdan aniga layguma talogelin ee waxaa loogu talogalay dharkeyga”.

Farsamoyaqaankii Naftiisa Khayaanay

Nin farsamayaqaan ah oo taqasus dheer ulahaa faryaamada iyo dhismaha guryaha ayaa wuxuu gaadhay xilligii uu geli lahaa hawlgabnimo da’ lasoo deristay awgeed. Qoladii uu ushaqeynaayey ayuu ku wargeliyey in uu shaqada ka fadhiisanayo maadaamo uu cagacageynaayo da’ aad u weyn isla markaana uu doonaayo in inta ka hadhay cimrigiisa uu ku noolaado deganaansho iyo raaxo aan rabash lahayn. Waxa keliya ee uu tebi goortuu shaqada ka fadhiisto ayaa waxay ahayd lacagta mushaharada ee uu qaadan jiray si aan kalago’ lahayn.

Qoladii uu ushaqeynaayey ayaa waxey ka codsatay, kana dalbatay in mar keliya uu guri u dhiso intaa uusan shaqada ka fadhiisan. Farsamayaqaankii wuu ka aqbalay codisgoodii inkastoo uu ku wargeliyay in shaqadaasi ay noqon doonto shaqada ugu dambeysa ee uu faraha la gelaya kadibna uu shaqada ka ruqseysan doono ayadoo soo laabasho dambe aysan jiri doonin.

Maadaama uu niyadda ku hayey aayatiin wacan iyo nolol barwaaqo leh oo dambe, farsamayaqaankii ma uusan siin wax tixgelin ah shaqadii la faray. Wuxuu noqday qof maankiisa maqanyahay oon wax kala ogeyn. Wuu gaabiyay oo xirfaddii lagu yaqiin ayuu sahwiyay. Si qalqaloocan ayuu hawshan dambe ufarsameeyay. Micnaha wax dareen ah ama jaceyl uma uusan hayn. Mar un iska dhammeystir oo dedeji ayuu islahaa. Qalabka uu wax ku dhisayey ayaa wuxuu ahaa mid tayo xun. Waa nasiib darro in gebagebadii shaqada uu si xun uqabtay asagoo fiiro gaar ah siin oo aan ka baarandegin wuxuu falayey.

Hawlihii guri dhiska markuu bogay, ayuu wacay qoladii si uu guriga isaga wareejiyo. Qolooyiinki markey yimaadeen, ayey ku wareejiyeen waraaqo muujinaya in asaga milkile ka yahay guriga. Waxaa loo siiyay abaalmarin ahaan maadaama uu shaqo wanaagsan soo qabtay intuu qolyahaasi uu shaqeynayey. Waxaana lagu yidhi goortii waraaqaha lagu wareejinayey, “kan waa gurigaaga, waana haddiyad.”

Farsamayaqaankii wuu naxay wuxuuna isu arkay inuu fadeexoobay. Keliya hadduu ogaan lahaa guriga uu dhisayey in uu yahay gurigiisa, wuxuu sammeyn lahaa dadaal dheeri ah oo wuxuu taagi lahaa guri aan dunidan lagu arag ama abidkiis uusan dhisin.

Hawlaheenna adduun waxaa lagu matali karaa shaqada farsama yaqaankan oo kale. Allaah wuxuu dunidani noo keenay in aan caabudno sifa guryo aan dhaxalno uu jannada nooga sameeyo. Haddaba, waa inaan udiyaargarownaa sidaan ku hantiyi lahayn jannooyiin iyo guryo kuyaal meel aan lahayn geeri iyo rafaad dambe. 

Farta Lee Iigu Fiiq Aan Soo Jabsade

Waagii hore xafladaha wey iska yaraayeen oo meelaha dhallinta ay ka qaraaban jireen waxaa kamid ahaa meelaha lagu sheego muraad ama sabb sida aroosyada, nebi ammaanka, wanqalka, Qur'aan akhriska, iyo ducooyinka guud ee la duceysto ee loo dhigo qof bukaan ah ama mid faataxada loo maraayo sifa uu hadafkiisa ugaaro ama cudur muddo lala tacaalayey uga biskoodo. 

Dhallinta aan camalka lahayn weyba usii diyaar garoobi jireen inta aanan la gudo gelin xafladda maalmo kahor. Hadduu aroos yahay dharka iyo barafuunka, kabaha, feseleetiga, dhowr xabbo oo sigaar ah iyo kuustoo tubaaka ah oo ay ku daaqsimaan inta xafladda damaashaadkeeda lagu gudo jiro, ayey sii diyaarsan jireen ama amaah ku heli jireen. 

Burburkii dawladdii dhexe kadib, waxaabad mooddaa in is bedel dhacay maadaama dhaqamo kale lala qabsaday. Waxaa kamid ah damaashaadka heesaha oo ay fanaaniin faraha looga gubtay tumaan Soomaali ama ajaanib midkey doonaanba ha noqdaane. Is dhexgalka gabdhaha iyo wiilasha, ragga iyo dumarka ayaa wuxuu noqday wax caadi ah oo aanan marnaba laga gabban. Ayadoo diinta ay dhinac ka fideyso ayaa haddana balo aan hore loo aqoon dhinac kale ka shidantahay.

Kala qeybsanaanta ummadda waxay horseedday in qabiil waliba dhinac ubaxo oo uu lasoo baxo wacdaro ugaar ah. Haddii nin madax ah kusoo fool leeyahay magaalo qabiilkiisa ku badanyahay, waa loo sii gurmadaa oo waxaa loo sii diyaariyaa xaflad heer sare ah ayadoo xafladaasi lagu martiqaadayo dad kala nooc ah oo ay ku jiraan majaajilisteyaal, fannaaniin, gabyaa, mutacallimiin, odey dhaqameedyo, nabad-doonno, mashaa'ikh akhriya ducooyiin iyo faataadhugleyaal tiro badan, kaboleefyaal, quraafaadtiriyeyaal, iyo kuwo xambaarsan duluc aan la garaneyn. 

Halkii awal hore laysugu immaan jiray keliya cunto cunid iyo faataxayn, hadda waxay isku bedeshay niikoniikeyn iyo naagonaageysi. Dabcan dad baa waxaas oo kale u arkaa ilbaxnimo iyo horumar la gaadhay. Dhaqaale badan ayaa lagu baxshaa is dhexgalka noocan oo kale. Ogoow, kuwa ka faa'idaya cuntada iyo sharaabka habeenka damaashaadka ma aha masaakiin ee waa dad dheregsan. Dhaqamadan foosha xun hala ogaado in ay saameynayaan carruur badano hadda fayoow ka muuqdo. 

Qoysaska qaarkood waxayba usoo ijaaraan koox muusikada tunta shaqsi debedda ka immaanayo oo la martigelinaya. Waxaa dhici kartaa in habeen idil loo soo jeedo oo la wada niikiyo. Shaqsi debedda ka immaanayo oo berritona dhibsan doono darxumada dadka deegaanka, isku dhexyaacsanaanta magaalada, iyo kala durugsanaanta dabciga guud ayaa lagu luminayaa hanti faro badan. 

Haddii uu qof madax ah magaalo soo gelaya, waxaa habboon in la sammeysto borotokool lagu dhaqmi karo kaaso ah in wixii uu dadka usheegi lahaa laga siidaayo telefishenada, raadiyaha, iyo jaraa'idyada. Haddii sidaasi la yeelo, wixii war ah wuu gaadhaya cid walba. Haddii aan sidaasi la yeelinna, warku wuxuu ku ekaanaya koox tiro yar. Shaqsiga debedda ka immaanaya waxaa wanaagsan in lacagta uu ku fataalayo lagu hirgeliyo wax muuqda oo ummadda anfacaya. 

Maanta, xafladaha waxay isku rogeen "farta lee iigu fiiq aan soo jabsadee". Kuwa kasoo qeybgelaya waxay ubadanyihiin dad doonaya in xilligaasi un ay naftooda u raaxeeyaan. Mowqifkii laga lahaa muraadkaasi waxaa dhici kartaa in uusan hirgelin illeyn inta daneyneysa muraadka laga leeyahay ayaaba iska yaree.